Microsoft update sometimes fails with lovely error codes, which the linked help will not find. At last I found an error code list with hints to the possible cause of the error.

https://support.microsoft.com/de-de/help/836941

Hexadezimaler Fehlercode 	Dezimaler Fehlercode	API-Fehlerbeschreibung
0x80070008	-2147024888	ERROR_NOT_ENOUGH_MEMORY
0x800705B4	-2147023436	Error_Timeout
0x8007000E	-2147024882	E_OUTOFMEMORY
0x80072EE2	-2147012894	ERROR_INTERNET_TIMEOUT
0x80072EFD	-2147012867	ERROR_INTERNET_CANNOT_CONNECT
0x80072EE7	-2147012889	ERROR_INTERNET_NAME_NOT_RESOLVED
0x80072EEF	-2147012881	ERROR_INTERNET_LOGIN_FAILURE
0x80072EFE	-2147012866	ERROR_INTERNET_CONNECTION_ABORTED
0x8024400E	-2145107954	SUS_E_PT_SOAP_SERVER
0x80072F76	-2147012746	ERROR_WINHTTP_HEADER_NOT_FOUND
0x80244016	-2145107946	SUS_E_PT_HTTP_STATUS_BAD_REQUEST
0x80072F78	-2147012744	ERROR_WINHTTP_INVALID_SERVER_RESPONSE
0x80244022	-2145107934	SUS_E_PT_HTTP_STATUS_SERVICE_UNAVAIL
0x80090305	-2146893051	SEC_E_SECPKG_NOT_FOUND
0x8024402F	-2145107921	WU_E_PT_ECP_SUCCEEDED_WITH_ERRORS
0x8009033F	-2146892993	SEC_E_Shutdown_IN_Progress
0xC80003FA	-939523078	hrReadVerifyFailure
0x80244008	-2145107960	SUS_E_PT_SOAPCLIENT_PARSEFAULT
0xC800042D	-939523027	HrVersionStoreOutOfMemory
0x8024400A 	-2145107958	SUS_E_PT_SOAPCLIENT_PARSE
0x80071A90	-2147018096	ERROR_TRANSACTIONAL_CONFLICT
0x8024400D	-2145107955	SUS_E_PT_SOAP_CLIENT
0x8024402C	-2145107924	WU_E_PT_WINHTTP_NAME_NOT_RESOLVED